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Figure 2. Morris Water Maze performance in 10-Month-Old APP/PSEN1 Mice with or without donepezil treatment for 2 months.
During the learning phase, both the WT-saline and APP/PSEN1+Donepezil groups exhibited progressively shorter latencies, indicating intact spatial learning and locomotor activity. In contrast, the APP/PSEN1+Vehicle group did not show a significant reduction in latency, suggesting impaired spatial learning.
In the testing phase, the WT-saline and APP/PSEN1+Donepezil groups demonstrated significantly shorter latencies and a higher number of platform crossings compared to the APP/PSEN1+Vehicle group, further indicating improved spatial memory in the treatment groups.

- The WT group did not exhibit rightward rotation following APO administration.
- In PD rats, there was an increase in walking time, along with a decrease in average speed and stride length.
- However, these impairments were reversed after 20 days of L-DOPA administration.
- Compared to WT, PD rats showed reduced grip strength, which was mitigated after 25 days of L-DOPA treatment.
- Additionally, PD rats displayed decreased latency compared to WT, with L-DOPA administration reversing this reduction after 30 days.

Figure 4. Immunofluorescence (IF) analysis of tyrosine hydroxylase expression three weeks post-6-OHDA injection. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is a crucial marker of dopaminergic neurons, and the reduction in TH expression is a hallmark of the disease's progression. The 6-OHDA was injected into the left side of the brain. As a result, no TH fluorescence (red fluorescence) was detected in the left substantia nigra and striatum, while the right substantia nigra and striatum still exhibited TH fluorescence. These findings confirm the successful establishment of the PD rat model.




Figure 6. The stride width and stride length of hMeCP2T158M mice at 11 to 12-week-old. Both male and female hMeCP2T158M mice displayed increased hindlimb stride width and decreased stride length, indicating impaired locomotion and coordination.

Figure 7. Tau expression in the hippocampal region was assessed across different mouse strains. Human tau, detected using the HT7 antibody, was observed in hMAPT WT, hMAPT P301L, and hMAPT P301S mice, but was absent in C57BL/6J mice. Consistently, hyperphosphorylated tau (AT8) was detected only in hMAPT P301L and hMAPT P301S mice, but not in hMAPT WT or C57BL/6J mice—indicating that tauopathy is associated with the P301L and P301S mutations. Neuronal nuclei were labeled with NeuN, and all nuclei were counterstained with DAPI. All mice were approximately 9 months old at the time of tissue collection.
- Stereotactic brain injection
- Stereotactic brain injection
- Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection
- Intravenous (tail vein) injection
- Additional routes: Intranasal, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, and more
- Injected Substance: AAV9-CMV-EGFP-HGH
- Titer: 1.98×10¹⁴ vg/mL
- Dose: 1×10¹¹ vg/0.5μL per injection
- Injection Coordinates: -2mm, ±1.8mm, -1.5mm
- Validation: Clear GFP expression 4 weeks post-injection, demonstrating accuracy and successful delivery.

- Injected Substance: AAV9-CMV-EGFP-HGH / AAV9-CAG-EGFP
- Titer & Dose: 4×10¹¹ vg (CMV); 1×10¹¹ vg (CAG)
- Injection Site: Lumbar vertebrae L4-L5
- Injection Coordinates: -2mm, ±1.8mm, -1.5mm
- Validation: Robust protein expression observed at 2 weeks post-injection, confirming effective intrathecal drug delivery.





- Morris Water Maze
- Y Maze
- Rotarod
- Open Field Test (OFT)
- Novel Object Recognition Test (NORT)
- Elevated Plus Maze (EPM)
- Forced Swimming Test (FST)
- Grip Strength Test
- Social Interaction Tests
- Treadmill & Balance Beam Test
- Tail Suspension Test and more
- Tissue preparation and sectioning
- H&E staining
- Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
- Immunofluorescence staining (IF)
- Special staining techniques
- Fluorescent imaging & biomarker detection
- Apoptosis and proliferation analysis
- Quantitative PCR (qPCR)
- RT-PCR, Southern blot
- Western blot & ELISA
- Protein expression and localization
- Biomarker profiling
- Cytokine and inflammatory marker analysis
- Primer design & RNA extraction
